However, the brain mechanisms supporting pain perception during adolescence remain unclear. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.Īdolescence is a sensitive period for both brain development and the emergence of chronic pain particularly in females. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site ( This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article. Address: Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Casanova, 143, Ala Nord, 5a planta, Barcelona 08036, Spain. HSerra Hunter Program, Unit of Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain GDivision of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States IASP Presidential Task Force on Cannabis and Cannabinoid AnalgesiaĪDivision of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United StatesīPediatric Pain Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United StatesĬNeuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United StatesĭDepartment of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United StatesĮImaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United StatesįDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.PAIN 2014: Global Year Against Orofacial Pain.PAIN 2015: Global Year Against Neuropathic Pain. ![]() PAIN 2016: Global Year Against Pain in the Joints.PAIN 2017: Global Year Against Pain After Surgery.PAIN 2018: Global Year for Excellence in Pain Education.PAIN 2019: Global Year Against Pain in the Most Vulnerable.PAIN 2020: Global Year for the Prevention of Pain.PAIN 2022: Global Year for Translating Pain Knowledge to Practice.With the workflow for large-scale species identification developed herein, we urge the development of trade monitoring and legislation on Rana species in northeast Asia. Our results also highlight the independent evolution of toe webbings in Rana for the last 12.0 Mya, a potential key trait for species identification of northeastern Asian Rana. The combined model-based OTUs and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny of traded and control specimens ( n = 230) recovered the trade pathways, and revealed the widespread and likely wild-harvested origins of traded Rana individuals. Both molecular and morphological analyses converged towards a high phenotypic crypticity and similarity in genetic sequences between Korean R. ![]() Bayes factor delimitation modelling most supported the presence of 12 OTUs from the trade, highlighting a hidden genetic diversity. Out of 171 samples, we identified three erroneously imported non-native species: R. This integrated workflow relies on the use of a single-locus 16S rRNA gene barcoding along with morphometry, phylogenetic trait, species delimitation modelling and phylogeography. Second, we proposed a workflow for species identification of unidentified animals from the trade, in this case cryptic Brown frogs ( Rana) imported into the Republic of Korea. First, using a meta-analysis comparing studies from the last 10 years, we quantified the efficiency of popular analytical methods used for species assignments and confirmed the higher sensitivity of coalescent-based methods in isolating cryptic operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The unregulated wildlife trade increases the risk of global biological invasions and, therefore, accurate taxonomic assignments and origin-tracing methods are critical.
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